THE SKELETAL REMAINS of Penang Woman, a 5,000-year-old skull discovered at Guar Kepah in 2017, offer a unique opportunity to explore the intersection of bioarchaeology and forensic science.
Determining the biological sex of early human remains is a critical step in reconstructing individual identities; sexual dimorphism in the skeleton can provide insights into the biology and social structures of ancient populations. Penang Woman’s skull has become a focal point for advanced techniques like forensic facial approximation, which not only visualises her features, but also bridges the gap between scientific analysis and human connection.
This study highlights how modern methods—such as sex estimation through cranial morphology and three-dimensional (3D) facial reconstruction—shed light on the lives of ancient individuals, while challenging existing narratives about migration and ancestry in Southeast Asia.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Skeleton
The fundamental concept underpinning skeletal sex determination is sexual dimorphism, which describes physical differences in the size and shape of males and females of the same species. In humans, these differences are largely driven by unique developmental pathways, varying hormonal responses to environmental stimuli and, historically, adaptations caused by the gendered division of labour. Generally, biological males tend to exhibit larger, more robust skeletal structures, often reflecting greater muscle mass and overall body size. Conversely, females typically present smaller and smoother skeletal features. These differences become most pronounced after puberty, making sex determination in child skeletons especially challenging.
